Serotonin Miniseries

The neurotransmitter molecule, serotonin, is often described as the “happiness molecule,” but that is too simplistic to capture the many roles it plays in the brain. One hypothesis, put forth by neuroscientists Robin Carhart-Harris and David Nutt, is that the serotonin system may be all about overcoming adversity and stress. This is a preview for a full-length video that was released yesterday:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule used in a huge variety of neurobiological processes. This video is part of a miniseries on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter: http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ And subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ And Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/

The function of serotonin in the brain, according to scientists like Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris of UCSF and Professor David Nutt of Imperial College London, may be to allow us to cope with adversity and stress. They hypothesize that there are two distinct subsystems of the serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) system in the brain, defined by their predominant receptor subtypes, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A. This video aims to explain that hypothesis. What do you think of Sense of Mind’s new style (more visuals, shorter videos)? Let me know in the comments. The neuroscience of serotonin is complex. That’s why I’ve created a playlist on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Chapters: 00:00 Whenever you experience stress or adversity, you can either cope passively or actively. 00:16 The Carhart-Harris and Nutt Adversity hypothesis of serotonin’s function in the brain 00:54 This is the final installment in a playlist about serotonin 02:03 Part 1: The neural circuitry of anxiety and stress 03:45 Part 2: The role of 5-HT1AR in passive coping 04:25 Why we don’t freak out every time something irritating happens (1A predominance) 04:53 How the 1A receptor calms down the neural stress circuitry 06:05: Important caveat: THIS IS VERY MESSY 06:57 Part 3: The role of 5-HT2AR in active coping 07:10 The cortex is very important in active coping 07:46 The 2A receptor is highly expressed in the cortex and important in brain plasticity 08:23 Psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin bind to 2A 08:58 Psilocybin can alleviate treatment-resistant major depression 11:10 2A binds serotonin more weakly than 1A 11:25 Please sign up for the video newsletter and podcast! 12:01 Part 3: The bipartite model of serotonin brain function (Carhart-Harris and Nutt Adversity hypothesis) 12:29 Need an intro to synaptic transmission? 12:56 Summary 13:58 REMEMBER: This is a hypothesis, not a Theory. 14:30 Check out all my serotonin videos! – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter (free!): http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ Subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ – Sources Cited: Pollan, M. (2019). How to change your mind: What the new science of psychedelics teaches us about consciousness, dying, addiction, depression, and transcendence. Penguin Books. https://michaelpollan.com/books/how-to-change-your-mind/ Sharp, T., & Barnes, N. M. (2020). Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology, 177, 108155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522572/ Dingman M. Know Your Brain: Raphe Nuclei. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-raphe-nuclei. Published October 27, 2017. Di Giovanni, G., & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin research: Crossing scales and boundaries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108340 Hoyer, D. (2020). Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology, 108233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805212/ Mosienko, V., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2020). The serotonin-free brain: behavioral consequences of Tph2 deficiency in animal models. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 601-607). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00035-9 Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858536/ Bacqué-Cazenave, J., Bharatiya, R., Barrière, G., Delbecque, J. P., Bouguiyoud, N., Di Giovanni, G., ... & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(5), 1649. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121267/ Carvajal-Oliveros, A., & Campusano, J. M. (2021). Studying the Contribution of Serotonin to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Can This Fly?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 262. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601449/full JJ Medicine. “Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis | Tryptophan Metabolism” https://youtu.be/kCkZBSeOGH4. #brainhealth #serotonin #serotoninfunction

Serotonin is synthesized in a two-step biochemical reaction, catalyzed by the enzymes tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Genetically engineered mice whose brains do not produce serotonin show increased aggression, among other behavioral phenotypes. This is a preview for a full-length video that was released yesterday: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule used in a huge variety of neurobiological processes. This video is part of a miniseries on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter: http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ And subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ And Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/

In the brain, serotonin synthesis occurs in the raphe nuclei (as well as the pineal gland to a small extent). Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT, is an extremely important neurotransmitter molecule. Yet, genetically engineered mice whose brains do not produce serotonin survive and develop somewhat normally, except that they are really aggressive. This video focuses on 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and the neurobiological outcomes of eliminating serotonin from the brain. What do you think of Sense of Mind’s new style (more visuals, shorter videos)? Let me know in the comments. The neuroscience of serotonin is complex. That’s why I’ve created a playlist on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Chapters: 00:00 Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule synthesized in your brain. 00:15 The focus of this video (serotonin synthesis steps and consequences of eliminating serotonin from the brain) 00:40 Check out my other videos on neuroscience 00:51 Part 1: Where in the brain is serotonin synthesized? 01:30 The raphe nuclei 01:57 Shoutout to JJ Medicine’s video on serotonin and melatonin synthesis 02:20 Part 2: Synthesis - Tryptophan (an essential amino acid) is the precursor to serotonin 02:59 Tryptophan is made into 5-HTP, catalyzed by the TPH enzyme (tryptophan hydroxylase) 03:30 5-HTP is made into 5-HT (serotonin), catalyzed by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase 03:58 Serotonin is packaged into vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 04:14 Synaptic transmission overview 04:35 Serotonin is cleaned out of the synapse by reuptake pumps and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-A) 05:17 Serotonin is chemically transformed into melatonin in the pineal gland 05:59 Part 2: What happens when the brain cannot produce serotonin? 06:25 How researchers eliminated serotonin from the brain (disrupted the TPH2 gene) 06:55 Adult mouse brains without serotonin 07:50 Restoring serotonin to the brain by injecting 5-HTP 08:50 Behavioral outcomes for mice that never had any serotonin in their brains 11:25 Please sign up for the video newsletter! And the podcast! 12:03 Summary and conclusion 13:07 Check out the other videos in this playlist! – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter (free!): http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ Subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ Sources Cited: Sharp, T., & Barnes, N. M. (2020). Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology, 177, 108155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522572/ Dingman M. Know Your Brain: Raphe Nuclei. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-raphe-nuclei. Published October 27, 2017. Di Giovanni, G., & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin research: Crossing scales and boundaries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108340 Hoyer, D. (2020). Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology, 108233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805212/ Mosienko, V., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2020). The serotonin-free brain: behavioral consequences of Tph2 deficiency in animal models. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 601-607). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00035-9 Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858536/ Bacqué-Cazenave, J., Bharatiya, R., Barrière, G., Delbecque, J. P., Bouguiyoud, N., Di Giovanni, G., ... & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(5), 1649. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121267/ Carvajal-Oliveros, A., & Campusano, J. M. (2021). Studying the Contribution of Serotonin to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Can This Fly?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 262. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601449/full JJ Medicine. “Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis | Tryptophan Metabolism” https://youtu.be/kCkZBSeOGH4.

The neurotransmitter molecule, serotonin, has its origins in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem. It is an extremely important and complex system and this video has barely scratched the surface. Check out the full-length video on the functional anatomy of the serotonin system and raphe nuclei and let me know what you think! https://youtu.be/bzsv02vbx-k Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule used in a huge variety of neurobiological processes. This video is part of a miniseries on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZAoaqKAbic&list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter: http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ And subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ And Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ #neroscience #raphenuclei #serotoninsystemanatomy

The raphe nuclei (found in the brain stem) are the anatomical origin of the serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) system in the human brain. This video focuses on the subdivisions of the raphe nuclei, the patterns of connections within those subdivisions, and the localization of various serotonin receptors in the brain, and some of the psychological consequences of all of this. What do you think of Sense of Mind’s new style (more visuals, shorter videos)? Let me know in the comments. The neuroscience of serotonin is complex. That’s why I’ve created a playlist on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZAoaqKAbic&list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Chapters: 00:00 The serotonin system anatomy is found in all animals, plants, and fungi. 01:00 The raphe nuclei is the origin of the serotonin system in humans 01:20 This video is part of a serotonin playlist 01:42 Introduction to neuroscience playlist 02:03 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is made in the gut and the raphe nuclei in the brain 02:45 “Nuclei” definition in neuroscience 03:20 Anatomical subdivisions of the raphe nuclei 04:40 Subdivisions of the rostral raphe nuclei 05:00 Effects of stimulating the median-rostral and dorsal-rostral raphe nuclei 05:55 Trajectories of the axons of raphe nuclei serotonergic neurons 06:38 Two patterns of serotonergic neuron connectivity in the brain: Movement and Emotion 07:25 Serotonin in the amygdala may be important for forming fear associations 08:05 Please sign up for the weekly video newsletter (and the podcast!). Thank you. 08:41 The many serotonin receptor subtypes (see my video on Serotonin Receptors) 09:41 Some distinct patterns of serotonin receptor localization in the brain 10:55 Cell-type specific expression of serotonin receptors 12:00 How do our brains produce serotonin? (topic of the next video) – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter (free!): http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ Subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ – Sources Cited: Sharp, T., & Barnes, N. M. (2020). Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology, 177, 108155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522572/ Dingman M. Know Your Brain: Raphe Nuclei. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-raphe-nuclei. Published October 27, 2017. Di Giovanni, G., & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin research: Crossing scales and boundaries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108340 Hoyer, D. (2020). Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology, 108233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805212/ Mosienko, V., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2020). The serotonin-free brain: behavioral consequences of Tph2 deficiency in animal models. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 601-607). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00035-9 Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858536/ Bacqué-Cazenave, J., Bharatiya, R., Barrière, G., Delbecque, J. P., Bouguiyoud, N., Di Giovanni, G., ... & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(5), 1649. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121267/ Carvajal-Oliveros, A., & Campusano, J. M. (2021). Studying the Contribution of Serotonin to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Can This Fly?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 262. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601449/full JJ Medicine. “Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis | Tryptophan Metabolism” https://youtu.be/kCkZBSeOGH4.

There are 14 different serotonin receptor subtypes, each with a fairly unique intracellular signaling mechanism and distinct psychological effects. This is a preview of a full-length video that goes into much more detail on all the points I mentioned in this short version. This is a preview for a full-length video that was released yesterday: https://youtu.be/rZAoaqKAbic Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule used in a huge variety of neurobiological processes. This video is part of a miniseries on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter: http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ And subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ And Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ #serotonin #serotoninreceptors

This video focuses on the serotonin receptors and their molecular biology, pharmacology, and psychological effects when stimulated. Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule used in a huge variety of neurobiological processes. There are 14 different 5-HT receptors in the brain and body, each with a fairly unique intracellular signaling mechanism and distinct psychological effects. What do you think of Sense of Mind’s new style (more visuals, shorter videos)? Let me know in the comments. This is the first in a miniseries on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC92ipyM9i9KHYae5oW11LB97MyForNaA Chapters: 00:00 Serotonin (5-HT) is NOT just the happiness molecule 00:35 The goals and approach of this video and miniseries on serotonin 01:36 This is a new style for Sense of Mind’s neuroscience videos 02:18 Part 1: Mechanism of serotonin synaptic transmission 03:05 How SSRIs work 03:28 The “need-to-know” of synaptic transmission 03:57 Serotonin is a “neuromodulator” that can work extra synaptically 04:44 Part 2: Families and subtypes of 5-HT receptors 05:20 Most 5-HT receptors are GPCRs 06:00 5-HT1 and 5 receptor inhibitory mechanisms 06:30 5-HT2, 4, 6, and 7 receptors excitatory mechanisms 07:02 5-HT3 receptor excitatory mechanism 07:33 Please sign up for the video newsletter and podcast! 08:16 Part 3: What do the different receptors do to the brain? 09:28 Some effects of stimulating 5-HT receptors in the human brain 10:28 Resolving some paradoxes of 5-HT pharmacology (presynaptic receptors and biased agonism) 12:25 Examples of bodily effects of 5-HT stimulation 13:10 How can one neurotransmitter do so much? 13:59 Conclusion: Some remaining questions 14:35 - Please like and subscribe! Thank you! – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter: http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ And subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ And Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ – Sources Cited: 1. Sharp, T., & Barnes, N. M. (2020). Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology, 177, 108155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522572/ 2. Di Giovanni, G., & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin research: Crossing scales and boundaries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108340 3. Hoyer, D. (2020). Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology, 108233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805212/ 4. Mosienko, V., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2020). The serotonin-free brain: behavioral consequences of Tph2 deficiency in animal models. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 601-607). Elsevier. 5. Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858536/ 6. Bacqué-Cazenave, J., Bharatiya, R., Barrière, G., Delbecque, J. P., Bouguiyoud, N., Di Giovanni, G., ... & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(5), 1649. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121267/ 7. Carvajal-Oliveros, A., & Campusano, J. M. (2021). Studying the Contribution of Serotonin to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Can This Fly?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 262. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601449/full 8. Dingman M. Know Your Brain: Raphe Nuclei. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-raphe-nuclei. Published October 27, 2017. 9. JJ Medicine. “Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis | Tryptophan Metabolism” https://youtu.be/kCkZBSeOGH4.

The basic difference between these two conditions is the neurotransmitters involved. In serotonin syndrome the problem is serotonin; for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) it’s dopamine. Yet, the direction of the problem is opposite in each case. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by pathologically high levels of serotonin (usually due to overdosing on serotonin-increasing drugs), but NMS usually occurs when dopamine activity is extremely low (often due to dopamine-blocking drugs prescribed for schizophrenia). This reveals that there is an optimum concentration of each type of neurotransmitter, going far above or below which is likely to cause neurological problems. Thus, in contrast to serotonin syndrome’s high levels, when serotonin is extremely low it tends to lead to symptoms of depression. And, in contrast to NMS’s low dopamine levels, extremely high dopamine levels are associated with aggressive and addictive behaviors as well as, in some cases, the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Balance is key. -- Gordon, M. F., Frucht, S. J., Leder, A. N., & Ketigan, L. A. (2021). 8 - Serotonin Syndrome. In D. Tarsy (Ed.), Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment (3rd ed., Ser. Current Clinical Neurology, pp. 139–166). essay, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Kaye, A. D., Kaye, A. M., & Urman, R. D. (Eds.). (2015). Essentials of pharmacology for anesthesia, pain medicine, and critical care. Springer New York. -- #serotonin #serotonine #serotoninsyndrome #serotoninn #5ht #5htp #neurotransmitters #neurology #neurological #neurologicaldisorder #iatrogenia #iatrogenic #iatrogenicillnes #lawofdiminishingreturns #neuroscience #neuromajor #pscyhology #psychmajor #neurostudent #neurobiology #brain #brainfacts

Serotonin syndrome symptoms can tell us a lot about the normal physiological and neurological function of serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-HT), which is the neurotransmitter molecule that gives this condition its name. This condition arises when there is too much serotonin in the body and brain, so antidepressants and other drugs that increase serotonin place you at greater risk of developing it if you overdose. This video explains what this condition is, how it arises, who is at risk, what makes it different from a related condition called neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and what serotonin syndrome tells us about what serotonin’s job is in the brain in normal circumstances. -- Chapters 00:00 Antidepressants are powerful and life changing, but they can cause serotonin syndrome if overdose occurs. 01:35 I'm Andrew Cooper-Sansone, and this is Sense of Mind! 02:06 This miniseries on serotonin neurobiology 03:15 This introduction to neuroscience series 04:07 Clinical Vignettes of Serotonin Syndrome (hypothetical) 07:40 Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome (which tell us about the normal function of serotonin) 11:25 Serotonin Syndrome vs. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) 16:48 A brief overview of serotonin neurobiology 20:28 Causes of serotonin syndrome (and how certain drugs contribute to it) 26:31 Drugs and conditions that increase risk of serotonin syndrome 31:13 Special Request! Please sign up for the Sense of Mind newsletter! -- References: Gordon, M. F., Frucht, S. J., Leder, A. N., & Ketigan, L. A. (2021). 8 - Serotonin Syndrome. In D. Tarsy (Ed.), Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment (3rd ed., Ser. Current Clinical Neurology, pp. 139–166). essay, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Kaye, A. D., Kaye, A. M., & Urman, R. D. (Eds.). (2015). Essentials of pharmacology for anesthesia, pain medicine, and critical care. Springer New York. -- #serotonin #serotonine #serotoninsyndrome #serotoninn #5ht #5htp #neurotransmitters #neurology #neurological #neurologicaldisorder #iatrogenia #iatrogenic #iatrogenicillnes #lawofdiminishingreturns #neuroscience #neuromajor #pscyhology #psychmajor #neurostudent #neurobiology #brain #brainfacts

Serotonin syndrome is very often due to accidental overdose of serotonergic drugs, but sometimes that overdose is more intentional. Why? People usually want to get as much as they can out of a given experience, and that is usually a good thing. It helps us to not waste what limited time we have. But this tendency can also lead to problems, when we move past the point of diminishing returns and into negative returns. For example, when someone taking an SSRI antidepressant decides that taking a drug like ecstasy is not such a bad idea, since the combination will supposedly produce such a powerfully positive experience. How could it not be a good idea? Such is the knot into which our minds tie themselves, unable to predict the painful consequences when serotonin levels go beyond diminishing returns and then rapidly nosedive into negative territory. -- References: Gordon, M. F., Frucht, S. J., Leder, A. N., & Ketigan, L. A. (2021). 8 - Serotonin Syndrome. In D. Tarsy (Ed.), Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment (3rd ed., Ser. Current Clinical Neurology, pp. 139–166). essay, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Kaye, A. D., Kaye, A. M., & Urman, R. D. (Eds.). (2015). Essentials of pharmacology for anesthesia, pain medicine, and critical care. Springer New York. #serotonin #serotonine #serotoninsyndrome #serotoninn #5ht #5htp #neurotransmitters #neurology #neurological #neurologicaldisorder #iatrogenia #iatrogenic #iatrogenicillnes #lawofdiminishingreturns #neuroscience #neuromajor #pscyhology #psychmajor #neurostudent #neurobiology #brain #brainfacts